Description
In this field, Naguib Mahfouz observed the birth of the new political and philosophical trends that dominated the entire twentieth century, and how the old beliefs on which entire civilizations were based were subject to criticism, analysis and sometimes even ridicule, as they contained superstitions that were not accepted by reason. All doctrines and beliefs are gradually being shaken and dislodged from their place, as new interpreters criticize these doctrines and beliefs. This applies to religions, philosophy, sociology and political science. It is the philosophy of the new emerging from the womb of the old. .
